TOKYO (AP) - The marshlands of southern Iraq, said to be the inspiration for the biblical Garden of Eden, have recovered rapidly since the fall of Saddam Hussein, whose regime turned much of the lush waterscape into arid salt flats, the United Nations said Wednesday.
New satellite imagery shows a rapid increase in water and vegetation cover in the past three years, with the marshes rebounding to about 37 per cent of their 1970 extent, from about 10 per cent in 2002, the UN Environmental Program said.
"The evidence of their rapid revival is a positive signal, not only for the environment and the local communities who live there, but must be seen as a contribution to wider peace and security for the Iraqi people," UNEP executive director Klaus Toepfer said in a report on a multimillion-dollar restoration program.
Saddam drained much of the Mesopotamian waters between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers by building dams, dikes and canals after the Marsh Arab inhabitants supported a Shiite Muslim rebellion following the 1991 Persian Gulf War. He also ordered thousands killed.
Of almost 9,300 square kilometres of marshes in 1970, the area shrank by 90 per cent to 490 square kilometres in 2002. As recently as 2001, some experts forecast the marshlands would disappear by 2008.
But restoration efforts since the fall of Saddam reversed much of the damage, bringing the current area to 3,600 square kilometres. The expanse swelled to 50 per cent of the 1970 range in the spring but dwindled due to summer evaporation rates.
Still, re-flooding the marshes requires a delicate balance of salt and plant life.
"It will be very difficult to restore the entire marshlands," said Abdul Latif Jamal Rashid, Iraq's minister of water resources.
Calling Saddam's decision to drain the marshlands "a crime against humanity," Rashid said he hopes 80 per cent of the marshlands will be restored in three years.
The UNEP warns that more detailed field analysis of soil and water quality is needed to gauge the exact state of rehabilitation.
"While the re-flooding bodes well for the Iraqi marshes, their recovery will take many years," Toepfer said. "We must continue to monitor the situation carefully and make the necessary long-term investment in marshlands management."
Rashid noted, however, that the project also has other benefits, including symbolic value for the Iraqi people and the potential to reduce migration to cities by improving agriculture.
"It will help Iraqis return to a traditional way of life," he said. "Even people in the capital, who have never seen the marshlands, are really proud of the project."
Iraqi engineers and tribes began re-flooding parts of the wetlands by cutting gashes in dikes in the euphoria of Saddam's ouster in 2003.
Last year, the UN announced an $11 million US project funded by Japan to help restore the marshes and provide clean drinking water and sanitation for 100,000 people living there. The program is providing settlements with water treatment systems and restoring reed beds that act as natural water filters. It is also training 250 Iraqis in wetland management and restoration.
At one time, the wetlands were the largest in the Middle East, filtering polluted water from northern cities and purifying it before it reached the southern rivers and the city of Basra.
As Shiite Muslims in the region revolted, Saddam ordered thousands killed and built new dams, canals and pipelines to dry up the marshes - the source for fishing, boating and small agriculture that once sustained a population of up to 500,000 people.
Azzam Alwash, director of non-governmental organization Eden Again, which is working to restore the marshes, said one of the difficulties facing the project is that dams built in the surrounding region, particularly Turkey, since the 1990s have disrupted natural water cycles that helped nourish the wetlands.
Trying to replicate that was critical, he said.
"We don't want to just have marshes for the sake of marshes. We want to return the biodiversity to the way it was and the biodiversity is not going to increase unless we actually replicate that," said Alwash.
