Even though humans have known for centuries that keeping food cold will preserve it, the only way they had to keep it that way was to pack it in natural ice or snow. At some point, perhaps in fourteenth century China or seventeenth century Italy, it was discovered that the evaporation of brine (salt water) absorbed heat and therefore a container placed in brine would stay cold.
During the nineteenth century, numerous experimental devices were developed in an effort to achieve practical artificial refrigeration. Compressed ether machines were built in Pennsylvania by Oliver Evans in 1805 and in Australia by James Harrison in 1855, and Dr. John Gorrie in Florida built an expanding-air cooling machine in 1844.
The first significant step toward success in the quest for a practical refrigeration system was made by Ferdinand Carre in France who devised a system whereby a refrigerants volatile liquid such as ammonia was circulated by a compressor around the container to be kept cold. In 1874, Raoul Pictet of Switzerland designed a similar compressor system using sulfur dioxide instead of ammonia as the refrigerant. His machine was later used to create the world’s first artificial skating rink in London. Although Carre’s machine was the first to find a practical commercial application, it proved to be cumbersome and immobile. Specifically, it didn't meet the needs of shippers who wished to transport perishables. The first practical and portable compressor refrigeration machine was built in Munich in 1873 by Karl von Linde. In his early models he used methyl ether, which is very explosive, but changed to an ammonia cycle in 1876.
Meanwhile, Carre continued to refine his invention, and in 1877 he designed a system for the Paraguay, the world’s first refrigerated ship, which was used to transport frozen meat from Argentina to France.
At this time, restaurants and homes had "ice boxes," which had an insulated compartment for ice and another for food. The ice was replaced periodically by purchasing blocks from the "iceman," whose wagon was a common sight on the streets of towns and cities.
A number of other competing machines quickly appeared, but in 1918 Kelvinator marketed a much more practical home refrigerator. The first refrigerator, as opposed to the simple ice box, designed for home use was the Domelre, which was manufactured in Chicago in 1913. Frigidaire brand's roots date back to the invention of the first self-container refrigerator for household use by Alfred Mellowes in 1915. The "Guardian Frigerator" as Mr. Mellowes called it, was purchased by General Motors Corporation in 1918 and the name was changed to Frigidaire.
Kelvinator began as the Leonard Refrigerator Company in 1881. The company grew to be a leader in wooden ice box cabinets and in 1914 developed its first household mechanical refrigerators under the name "Electro-Automatic Refrigerating Company." The company changed its name to the Kelvinator Company soon after, and by 1923, held 80 percent of the market for electric refrigerators.
Gibson's brand history goes back to the days of handcrafted cabinet making for iceboxes. In 1932, the company, then owned by Frank Gibson, manufactured its own line of refrigerators.
The first built-in refrigerator is launched by Electrolux in 1930. A compact product for the kitchenette in the small, modern apartments of the time. The next year they produce the first air-cooled refrigerator and begin vacuum cleaner production in Old Greenwich, Connecticut.
The familiar dual temperature refrigerator in use today, with one section for frozen food and a second for chilled food, was introduced into mass production by General Electric in 1939.