1: Please don't consider SB to be a typical canadian. He's not a typical anything.
2: They're considering that the foam that broke off may have been too thin and allowed water to condense on it. The water would have further reduced the effectiveness of the foam to the point where the liquid hydrogen in the external tank would have caused the infiltrated water to change to ice. If this happened, the presumed 3lbs piece of foam may have actually been a 20+lbs block of ice, with a much greater hardness factor.
3: While I can't remember the exact figures, it takes (approx) 100lbs of fuel to lift 1lbs of payload into orbit. Manouvering fuel is payload. The Canadarm is payload. Cameras, sensors, and EVA gear are all payload. They don't squeeze in a little more fuel just in case. They don't carry spare parts. And, contrary to what Hollywood and the movies Arrmagedon and Space Cowboys would have you think, scrambling a launch means shaving hours or days off a launch schedule, not months. Just filling the external tank takes more time than Colombia had. The best that could have been done would have been to scrub the Russian resupply mission to ISS and used their payload space to ship spares and equipment. But to do that, they would have had to know exactly what damage had been done. An impossible feat given the equipment on board. An examination of the damage would have needed to be done, an inventory of damaged parts taken, the parts found in Spares if they were even availible. Procedures for how to perform the repairs in zero G created. The parts shipped to the russians and prepped for launch. A rendevous orbit calculated. Launch and rendevous time. Repair time.
There simply wasn't enough time. Colombia's orbit would have decayed past the point of return before any rescue and repair could have reached them. Let's face it. They were doomed from the instant they launched. Just like Challenger. Just as the Apollo 1 astronauts were. They were the price we have to pay for advancement. We could take greater precausions. We could have a whole orbiter sitting standby at the ISS, just in case. But how much would that take away from the rest of the program?
Safety is easy. You build a bunker, and stay in it. You never go out. You never do anything. You don't live. The men and women of NASA aren't like that. They want to go. They see the risks. They accept them. They accept that the first guy up a scaling ladder isn't likely to make it back down. It's estimated that the chances of a total loss of a ship is one in seventy five. They know this. They do it anyways.
So, SB, don't cheapen their sacrafice. Don't cheapen their gift to us. They gave their lives, that we could go further.